How to Value a Business vs The S&P500

“The appropriate multiple for a business compared to the S&P 500 depends on its return on equity and return on incremental invested capital. I wouldn’t look at a single valuation metric like relative P/E ratio. I don’t think price-to-earnings, price-to-book…

Comparing Businesses Against Each Other

A dollar earned from a horseshoe company is the same as a dollar earned from a hospital. Strip everything away from a business, its economic characteristics, its people. Cash in and cash out is all you are left with as…

Risk & Probability In Investment Decision Making

You have likely heard the phrase “more risk, more reward”. But, this is the wrong way to think about an investment or capital allocation decision. The financial definition of risk should be: The probability of loss X amount of possible…